For AMD 5, I read the second half of “Socialism, Utopian and Scientific” by Freidrich Engels. He begins by analyzing the transition from the French philosophy of the 18th century to the German philosophy of the 19th century, which, in his mind, culminated with Hegel. He talks of “common sense” metaphysics being replaced with natural science and formal logic, and gives an account of the failure of metaphysics: its inability to grasp the continual transformation of entities. Engels claims that Nature works “dialectically, not metaphysically” and that modern science proves this stronger daily. From this he moves to the historical events that he sees as describing the evolution of man. From his analysis of these events, he grounds his justification of Socialism, which revolves around the struggle between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. A key transformation was the means of production being concentrated in larger groups or workshops, the transition from the individual producer to the assembly-like, cooperative accomplishment, which he calls the socialization of producers. Sam Engel